ENVIRONMENTAL ARTICLE CRITIQUE
Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa
Environmenal Studies 1000
Morrissette, J. J. and Border, D. A. (2005). Where Oil and Water Do Mix: Environmental Scarcity and Future Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa. Annual Editions: Environment 07/08. 26, 71-78.
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SUMMARY.
This article explains the issue of environmental scarcity, with respect to the scarcity of water, in the 21st century. Almost a third of the people living in developping countries, do not have access to clean, healthy water. If the population and economic trends continue, future conflicts in those areas could be caused by this environmental scarcity. A war over water in the Middle East and North Africa has not happened yet, although these countries have mainly dry climates and do not import enough water for everyone and to successfully grow their own food. This is because of the water contained in food that they import. If, in the future, this "virtual water" is not enough, then the likelyhood of conflict will increase. As there is more trade and communication between countries, there will be a need to supply food and water to an increasing number of people on Earth--estimated eight billion. This tension will probably cause a war in Middle East and North Africa, where peace is a rare occurance. War could possibly be averted if Iraq becomes a sustainable democracy, after America is through with it, and makes the decision not to go to war. (Morrissette & Border, 2005.)
POSITION STATEMENT.
Water shortage appears to have the potential to be a major problem in the future, causing wars and tension between countries. It is up to people today to recognize this potential problem, and do something about it, for a peaceful future.
Water is a ressource that is vital to survival, and something every person on Earth deserves to have. The pressing problems due to water shortage and water quality have more immediate consequences for the people in the Middle East than global issues like global warming and pollution. (NATO Advanced Research Workshop..., 2004) Water shortage has undoubtedly affected the personal lives and political landscape of these developping countries. It is important to recognize the problem of water shortage and avert any possible future conflict.
There are many proposed solutions to this increasing problem. The first solution would be that, along with these countries attempting to be self sufficient, for the United Nations to send food (which contains water) to these countries.
It would be beneficial to stabilize population growth--more mouths to feed would entail less water per person. Population growth is a major problem, and even so there are some governments who would even offer incentives to have more children.
The most sustainable solution would be for the various countries (Israel, Egypt, Jordan, and Palestine) to "recognise and jointly study the longer-term environmental challenges as common threats, challenges, vilnerabilities [...] and they should start developing trans-boundary regional and non-military solutions that address the scarcity and degradation of water and soil." (NATO Advanced Research Workshop..., 2004) However, even if there was a high level of committed cooperation among the nations in that region (which there is not), water management would still be a challenge for the long term. (NATO Advanced Research Workshop..., 2004)
Globally, there would need to be more competent and efficient management of water, which would require "rapid and imaginative institutional and technological innovations." (Gopalakrishnan, C., Tortajada, C, & Biswas, A, 2005.)
In the Middle East and North Africa, war is a very normal thing, and there are very rarely long periods of time when there is peace. (Morrissette & Border, 2005.) In the future it is important that the nations in the middle East and North Africa work together on this common problem of water scarcity, so that region of the world will become peaceful.
Gopalakrishnan, C., Tortajada, C, & Biswas, A. (2005). Water institutions: policies, performance and prospects. Berlin: Springer.
NATO Advanced Research Workshop on the Role of Risk Assessment in Environmental Security and Emergency Preparedness in the Mediterranean Region. (2004). Environmental security and environmental management : the role of risk assessment. Dordrecht: Springer.